Information Security Standards for Internal Revenue Service

How To Learn Chemistry Fast

How To Learn Chemistry Fast The first step in learning chemistry fast is to determine exactly how long you have to learn chemistry. Youll need a lot more discipline to learn chemistry in a day compared with a week or a month. Also, keep in mind you wont have great retention if you cram chemistry in a day or a week. Ideally, you want a month or longer to master any course. If you do end up cramming chemistry, expect to review the material if you need to apply it to a higher level chemistry course or remember it for a test further down the road. A Word About Chemistry Lab If you can do lab work, thats fantastic, because the hands-on learning will reinforce the concepts. However, labs take time, so most likely youll miss this segment. Keep in mind labs are required for some situations. For example, you have to document lab work for AP chemistry and many online courses. If you are doing labs, check how long they take to perform before getting starting. Some labs take less than an hour start-to-finish, while others might take hours, days or weeks. Pick short exercises, whenever possible. Supplement book learning with videos, which are readily available online. Gather Your Materials You can use any chemistry textbook, but some are better than others for fast learning. You could use an AP Chemistry book or Kaplan Study Guide or a similar book. These are high quality, time-tested reviews that cover everything. Avoid dumbed-down books because youll get the illusion that you learned chemistry, but wont master the topic. Make a Plan Dont be haphazard and dive in, expecting success in the end! Make a plan, record your progress and stick to it. Heres how: Divide your time. If you have a book, figure out how many chapters youre going to cover and how much time you have. For example, you may study and learn three chapters a day. It may be a chapter an hour. Whatever it is, write it out so you can track your progress.Get started! Check off what you accomplish. Maybe reward yourself after pre-determined points. You know better than anyone else what it will take to get you to get the job done. It may be self-bribes. It may be fear of an impending deadline. Find what works for you and apply it.If you fall behind, try to catch up right away. You might not be able to double your work, but its easier to catch up as fast as possible rather than have the studying snowball out of control.Support your study with healthy habits. Make sure you get some sleep, even if its in the form of naps. You need sleep to process new information. Try to eat nutritious food. Get some exercise. Take walks or work out during breaks. Its important to switch gears ev ery so often and get your mind off chemistry. It may feel like wasted time, but its not. Youll learn more quickly if you take brief breaks than if you study, study, study. However, dont let yourself get sidetracked where you dont get back to chemistry. Set and keep limits regarding time away from your learning. Helpful Tips Try to review prior material. Even if its just a quick review, planning a set amount of time to go over old material will help you retain it.Work through problems. At the very least, make sure you can work example problems if you have time (days or weeks instead of hours), work problems. Working problems is the best way to learn how to apply the concepts truly.Take notes. Writing down important points helps you learn the information.Recruit a study buddy. A partner can help keep you motivated, plus you can offer each other support and put your heads together when you encounter hard problems or challenging concepts.

(Marriage and Family) - No Matter What Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

(Marriage and Family) - No Matter What - Essay Example strategies for creating and sustaining safety in a relationship, and is specifically focused on the marriage relationship, from a primarily Christian Baptist perspective. Abraham Maslow’s theory suggests that safety is a priority need, right after we satisfy the basic needs of the body. Until safety needs are met, a person is not motivated to develop social belongingness, status and self-satisfaction, and to develop their highest potential (abraham-maslow.com, 2008). Applying that theory to marriage, the most primary need, right after establishing and consummating a legal union, is to cultivate safety in the relationship. If one or both partners do not experience the relationship as being safe, then there is no motivation for maintaining the connection, no motivation to have a family and define accomplishments, no reason to struggle toward developing into something extraordinary. When deficiency needs are unmet, growth cannot be prioritized (abraham-maslow.com, 2008). One foundation for a healthy relationship, in which safety prevails, is to develop a relationship with the right person. This necessitates having a close relationship with Jesus Christ, and recognizing the leading of the Holy Spirit. God has a plan for everyone’s life. If we live according to that plan, then we have a major motivation for building a healthy relationship, and safety is imperative in a healthy relationship. If both partners are tuned in to God, then the relationship has a safety-encouraging container. The Bible has given instructions and role models for having a good marriage relationship. The husband is placed in a leadership role, being the head of the house, and women are expected to support his authority. However, men are told to honor and love their wives, so leadership is not an excuse for bossiness, selfishness or abuse. The Song of Solomon provides a model for the importance of healthy sexuality, and Proverbs indicates that the woman whose value is beyond

Depends on what culture is going to be choosed Essay

Depends on what culture is going to be choosed - Essay Example Becker (2000, par. 1) has defined astronomy as â€Å"the science which investigates all the matter-energy in the universe: its distribution, composition, physical states, movements, and evolution†. The University of Oregon (UO, n.d.) identified the origins of astronomy from the earliest written records of the Babylonians in 1600 B.C. The Greeks inherited the records from the Babylonians and used them to design cosmological framework in determining the movements of heavenly bodies. The first Greek philosopher found to have profound interest in space is Thales. One of his propositions is that â€Å"the earth is a flat disc which floats on water† (UO, n.d., par. 3). Eratosthenes used the concept of eclipses in measuring the circumference of the Earth, as shown below: Another Greek philosopher, Hipparchus â€Å"made position measurements of 1080 stars plus sun, moon, and planets which remained the best in existence until the late 1500s† (Astronomy, 2000, par. 8). Heraclides, on the other hand, developed the geocentric solar system model placing the earth in the center of the universe and designing orbits in perfect spheres. (UO, n.d.) The Greek philosopher and astronomer who was credited for the heliocentric solar system model was Aristarchus. He argued that the sun is the center of the universe and everything else revolves around it. The contributions of Ptolemy, considered the most influential â€Å"Greek astronomers and geographer of his time propounded the geocentric theory that prevailed for 1400 years† (St. Andrews, 1999, par. 1). Ptolemy â€Å"compiled a 13-volume summary of Greek astronomy, including star charts, texts on trigonometry, complete information on the Sun and moon (motion, sizes, distances), and, most significantly for later astronomy, an elaborate model for predicting the positions of the planets (using deferents and epicycles) for any time in the future†

United States trade policies and their effect on the automotive Essay

United States trade policies and their effect on the automotive industry - Essay Example The desolate outlook for the United States' auto industry comes as no surprise for most everybody.In the beginning of 2006 Ford Motor Company and General Motors, two of the "Big Three" automakers, announced staggering layoffs in the tens of thousands and debilitating year over year losses in the billions of dollars. In addition to these layoffs, both General Motors and Ford have planned for multiple plant closures and the selling off of controlling shares of assets or subsidiaries in their ongoing struggle toward profitability. These announcements come as a blow to the tenuous economic recovery of the United States.The recent trends regarding the economic recovery of the United States remains slow but promising. According to Employment Situations published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the current average unemployment rate for the United States is 4.7%, (2006). The effect the impending massive job loss in the automotive industry will have on the unemployment rate and th e overall health of the nation's economy is uncertain.In the four years between 2000 and 2003, an estimated 5.2 million people lost their jobs. Over 2 million of those lost jobs were in the manufacturing industry ("Employment Situation," 2006). The cause for the ongoing decline in America's auto industry are many and range from increasing fuel prices and the growth of the global economy to poor product design and increased foreign competition. Although all of these issues are contributing factors in the decline of the American auto industry, none are as contentiously argued as issues of United States trade policies. According to Section 2102 Congressional Statement of Purpose on trade, there are 6 defining factors to U.S. Trade agreements (2003): To foster economic growth. Reduce or eliminate trade barriers. Trade 2 The establishment of fair and equal international trade. Provide protection of American industry and labor against "injurious" import competitions. To open market oppoutunites for U.S. commerce in non-market economies. To provide "reasonable" access of products too less developed countries or nations. In the process of attaining these goals U.S. trade polices have drawn harsh criticisms due to the nations' 2005 trade deficit in manufactured goods of $726 billion and to the apparent effect they have on the U.S. economy, its' labor force and worker rights and wages (Scott 2006). As the trade deficit in manufactured goods continues to rise, so too does the loss of jobs in the manufacturing industry. The United States finds itself unable to compete with low labor and production costs in foreign countries. For automakers such as Ford and General Motors, this has lead to the movement of production plants to outside the U.S. as well as the massive volumes of lay offs the industry is currently experiencing. The autoworkers that have been fortunate enough to retain their jobs face the issue of the downward pressure on wages and benefits that is caused by the rising trade deficit and the lower labor costs in foreign countries. Currently, the cost of labor in Mexico is the lowest of any developed nation (Bernard). Labor costs are one of, if not the number one, highest expense of any corporation. While moving U.S. production plants to Mexico creates jobs, increases the standard of living and stimulates the economy for that country, the U.S. labor force cannot compete with these low wages and benefits and therefore, lose bargaining power. The loss of bargaining power is exacerbated by the low level of government enforcement of labor laws in some foreign countries. In the United States this loss of bargaining power often results in the acceptance of lower wages and cuts to benefits and pension programs by U.S employees. Trade 3 While jobs are being exported to foreign countries such as Mexico, auto parts are being imported to the United States at an increasing rate. In 2004, the United States imported $77 billion

Impact of Chinas One Child Policy

Impact of Chinas One Child Policy China’s one child policy Maleka Rangwala Introduction It has become common to think in one mindset for a period of time before abruptly rethinking your outlook. This is known as a paradigm shift (Huntington, 1996). In recent times, democracy is a form of government sought for individual citizens.These citizens have the power and the right, to influence decisions made about how their country will be governed. It is portrayed as one of the best forms of government. But maybe democracy is not the answer towards better economic development. That is the null hypothesis of the paper that authoritarian rule is effective in achieving goals and regulating various imbalances’which is based on the uprising against dictatorships in various countries. I will use an example of china for an authoritarian regime. An authoritarian regime is where there is one ruler or small group of leaders that have the real power in political systems. The citizens have no voice in how they are ruled. Their leaders donnot give their subjects free choice. for example china has experienced this rule and experienced various effects. HISTORY OF CHINA In the second half of the twentith century population control became one of the most important growing problems, China chose to adopt an extreme measure of birth control known as the one-child policy. Two of the most consequential social experiments of the twentieth century were the Green Revolution which aimed at feeding the population and family planning programs were designed to curtail its growth. There were half a billion people starving or malnourished, and a billion who didnot have access to proper sanitation or education according to world population facts 1980. Also population increased from 1.7 billion to 3 billion in third world countries during 1950-1975. (rene). China could not keep up with the rapid demand for food and fuel for the increasing population having 8% fertile land and 20% of the world population. In the late 1970s, the chinese government had introduced various measures to reduce the country’s population growth rate. The most important measure which wi ll be studied in detail is the one child policy which said that couples in china could have only one child. In 1950 due to mao’s rule and his concept of increasing population to increase chinese workforce, the change in the rate of population was 1.9 per cent each year. (history of the one child policy) The governement had been encouraging people to have alot of children and nearly 4 children were born per household. At the same time, there was a food shortage that resulted in part from Mao’s failed economic-planning of the Great Leap Forward, where 30 million Chinese died of man-made famine and followed by a cultural revolution in 1966 leading to over a million deaths. (htt1).By 1970s the government realised that the current rates of population growth would soon become unstable and created the one child policy. In the begining malthus an economist whose theory will be discussed in detail later was viewed as an enemy and his theory was rejected by the soviets and chinese government. But as time progressed, they realised this and started propogationg the idea of late, long and few in 1970. By advising women to wait for a long time before having a baby and have few of them. As this change was going on a chinese scientist Song Jian took interest in the demographics and in Netherlands met Geert Jan Olsder who had recently worked on a game theory problem concerning population who saw population as an mathematical contraint problem and thought there could be optimum growth. listening to Olsder’s views and armed with The Limits of growth a 1972 malthusian work, Song took his findings back to the leaders in china and helped in influencing them to formulate this policy. A group of prominent social scientists which were put together by Deng Xiaoping who rose to power after the death of Mao Zedo ng and started a four fronted modernisation in agriculture, industry, national defence and technology, created an optimum solution for the population explosion taking into account the social costs and consequences. The chinese government also had signed an agreement with the united nations population fund in 1979 which gave 50 million to curtail population. This also influenced other western organisations to put their resources like Ford Foundation and International planned parenthood foundation. A theory which justifies this policy is the Lockean contractarianism which is a theory which covers the emphasis of the collective over the individual. While the policy may seem brutal to the induvidual, when a greater picture is taken into account it will benefit the community as a whole, hence benefiting the individual in a long run where one will live a life free from starvation and malnutrition without economic problems. This communitarian ideaology was from Jean Jacques Rousseau as the individual depends on the community for self identity, production of public goods, etc. (rene) POPULATION CONTROL Economic reasons From 1960 economic modules as well as social scientists have a great effect on policy making of various countries.Population needs to be kept in checked for various reasons. First being the orthodox view of supply of natural resources (non renewable) and capital being fixed, the demand would increase and the supply would not keep up and with and with increasing population development decreases. There is another theory formulated by Coale and Hoover in which they say that the economic growth could increase if their was low fertility than high fertility. Though this was later contradicted with saying that they assumed economic growth as a function of only capital growth and didnot take into account the changes in technology and labour quality through better schooling and health. (Hopkins). Social reasons Population overgrowth creates social problems like cultural conflicts. When a particular area is overpopulated, it leads to migration. Which not only puts pressure on land where people move in but also can start civil wars. One example of resource conflict is the case of the jordan river which passes through syria jordan and west bank israel where research showed that 37 actual military conlficts occured between the Arab neighbours and Jordan over the river and its tributtes water. (environment and social ills) It also puts pressure on basic facilities like medical and school. Political reasons and others Population expansion can also lead to political problems like curtailment of people, providing finance for the growing population by the government and growing taxes creating pressure on the poor and increasing the income gap. (htt) like Aristotle said that a large population would bring a â€Å"certain poverty on the citizenry, and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil†. He thought that with a population of over 100,000 people, most citizens would be excluded from having a voice in the goverment. (environment and social ills). To accomodate the growing population the green covers have been eliminated from the surface. This causes many environmantal as well as psychological problems like the Nature deficit disorder which is a hypothesis created by Richard louv in his book ‘Last child in the woods’ (2005) which says that children spend very less time outdoors and hence resulting in many bahavioural problems like attention disorders and depression, diseases like myopia and even obesity. Also a few common effects seen are cost of housing, length of your commute from home to work which wastes time and energy,etc. In order to accomodate the vast population various personal freedom of people are also taken away which become necessary like limits on water consumption, electricity, restriction on what people can do with their own land, etc. The environmental aspect also has dire need to be paid attention to as the extinction of species, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, ozone layer depletion due to pollution, straine on oceans, etc. Hence the need to contain the population in china was a necessary step but the various aspects of implementation of the policy were not entirely ethical which will be covered below. IMPLEMENTATION AND ASPECTS OF THE POLICY The one child policy was established in 1979 and various benefits were offered to those who followed this rule in form of education, healthcare etc. Malthus an economist observed that population increases but at a geometric rate while food production increases arithematically and made a conclusion that because humans havenotall starved, economic choices must be at work, and it is the job of an economist to study those choices His theory advocated welfare reform. He also stated that recent poor laws provided an increased amount of money for a system of welfare depending on the number of children which only encouraged the poor to give birth to more children and had no fear that increased number of children would make eating any more difficult. Increasing number of poor workers would reduce labour costs and ultimately make the poor even poorer. Hence the providing of a certain amount of money to every poor person would lead to rise in prices and value of money. Thus with increasing popu lation supply would be stagnant and demand and price would keep increasing. . He said that there can be many ‘positive’ and ‘preventive’ checks in reducing population expansion which ranged from contraception to famines. china’s one child policy can be considered under this type of a check. Imagine if the growth rate was not checked at that time, china is already heading with the highest populated country. The chinese government showed statistics that the one child policy has prevented over 400 million births (announced in march 2013) and over the last 4 decades have aborted 336 million children, performing 196 million surgical sterilizations and inserted 403 million intrauterine devices. (history of the one child policy) THE AUTHORITARIAN RULE Though the implementation of the policy was unequeal and had several flaws. Those who had more than one child were fined and didnot receive any benefits. There were a total of 22 exeptions where the chances of having more than one child was allowed but if on didnot fall into this category then they had to face consequences like loosing their jobs, confiscation of their belongings. There are also cases where the roofs of their houses were removes and their windows and doors walled in. There were cases which claim that some women who were pregnant were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. In 1983, 14 million women had abortions organised by family planning committees( many of them coerced). In 2009 there were 6 million. There were cases where the rich had paid off and were able to have a second child. If the poor were not able to pay the fine and had a child then they would be forced in an abortion. the policy was more strictly enforced in the rural regio ns. This policy was also partially responsible for the reduction in fertility rate which fell from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 to 1.61 in 2009. (unitedexplanations) Also the traditional preference of a boy child which exists still in many places even in India caused gender imbalances. There were large number of female babies who ended up homeless or in orphanages and killed in some cases. In 2000 it was reported that 90 percent of foetuses aborted in china were females. Today men outnumber the women by more than 60 million with the sex ratio being 118 boys to 100 girls. The one child policy put pressure on the rural households where families desire one son, who not only assist in household and difficult task but also in a broader perspective continue the male lineage. Also there is a theory where women who suffer from some sort of discrimination will try and prevent their child to undergo the same and hence avoid girl childs, instead of actually developing a more feminist perspect ive. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION One of the major drawbacks of this policy was the acceleration of the demographic transition. The mid 20th century saw fertility decline and prolonged life expectancy, population reproduction in china transformed from phase of high fertility, low natural growth and high mortality to the modern pattern of population growth i.e. a phase with low fertility, low natural growth and low mortality. In developed countries this process was smooth and spontaneous when they experienced urbanization and industrialization was completed within less than 40 years in china which usually takes a century. (Dewen) The introduction of the one child policy was affected by the suggestion of the malthusian theory and has sped up the demographic transition since 1970s. Even though the demoraphic divident can be put to high utilisation it increases development at a diminishing rate and a stage in future will result in decline development and become a demoghraphic debt causing the 4-2-1 problem. As the first generation of law enforced only children came of age for becoming parents themselves one adult child was left to provide support for his parents and grand parents. Hence called the 4-2-1 problem leaving the older generation dependent on various funds, policies and savings. But there are various economists which say that this change was inevitable and would have occured at this pace without the policy also as seen in some East Asian countries like Korea, Thailand and Indonesia whose birth rates have also significantly declined just as fast as china’s with reasons being rising incomes and living standards which in turn lead to improved health services and reducing infant and child mortality. People have a perception that having many children leads to higher income for more education and dont necessarily help in their old age. It is true these are not the factors that governed the people in china, it was the policy but even if the policy was not implemented then maybe they would be following a similar pattern. EFFECT ON SOCIAL NORMS The one-child policy seems to have changed social norms. There are some norms which exist in the country which govern the birth process. According to a research placed in kenya there are certain barriers to family planning like how the men should be the ones to decide if they want to have a child and the females have to oblige and not protest, A family is complete when they have a child, a man is the one who earns and hence should be the one to make decisions. These were what governed the family plannings before the policy. Later the policy governed these rules. Another impact of the policy was that even after two generations of growing up alone, people expect to have only one child. In 2003 and 2008, the city’s family-planning bureaucrats (the Shanghai Municipal Population and Family Planning Commission) asked 38,000 men and women aged 20-45 about how many children they wanted. (Wilcox., 2013) They found the average ideal family size was just 1.07, with 81% of respondents say ing they wanted only one child and just 15% saying they wanted a second. Thus changing the social norms too. Lewin’s research suggests that an individual cultural habits are more pliable to change through group discussions and decision than through an approach to an individual. Hence he says that the success of the importance of family planning was due to the higher degree of personal involement than a passive recepient of information, the placement of weight behind two conflicting alternatives for or against, one displacing the other and following the norm and restricting deviation. This change could be achieved by unfreezing the old perspective and moving to the new change and freezing it there. He says that the leader need not impose the idea or authoritarian rule rather skillfully steer the group towards the idea. This is one theory which says that their could be various other checks and measure that the government could have implemented instead of this policy. CONCLUSION Hence when we look at the above theories and the various aspects of the policy we can say that the policy could be avoided or thought more carefully about the various social political and economic effects to it before implementing it and the various economic and social theories also suggest that this policy sped up various changes which could be changed gradually. Hence the use of the authoritarian rule could be avoided making the null hypothesis void as the changes required for population reduction could be acquired by various other methods and the authoritarian rule just added to speeding up the process which cause more ill than gain. The authoritarian rule not only changes the demographics but also affected the country socially and politically. Economic theories can be applied to non economic policies and should be added to a few as for overall developement and sucess of the policy one needs to see the various social, political and economic aspects and how the policy would affect it in its particular field. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.ushistory.org/gov/13a.asp http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/managing_population_rev3.shtml http://www.unitedexplanations.org/blogs/china/2012/08/28/one-child-policy-in-china-pros-and-cons/ http://thinkingchinese.com/preference-of-a-son-a-tendency-preserved-mainly-by-women social norm reduced http://www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfamine/2013/03/chinas-one-child-policy prefernce theory http://psych.cf.ac.uk/esrcfertilitynetwork/pubs/PDR-Hakim.pdf china background useful for why policy implemented http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116810/ lewins theory http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1653319/?page=6 malthus http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Malthus.html http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htm http://cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/CF_PopNatRes_Jan108.html demographic transition http://iple.cass.cn/upload/2012/03/d20120305105846273.pdf http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/05/china-s-one-child-policy-should-be-ended-quickly one child policy step by step http://geographyfieldwork.com/ChinaDemographicTransition.htm http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/15/us-china-reform-idUSBRE9AE0BL20131115 social norms https://www.c-changeprogram.org/sites/default/files/Gender_Norms_FP_Decision-Making_in_Tanzania_Oct_2009_FINAL.pdf https://www.spi.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/PDF/WP_61_Childbearing_preferences.pdf http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/lost-girls_593650.html?page=2# http://freakonomics.com/2011/11/04/the-academic-origins-of-chinas-one-child-policy/ http://howmany.org/environmental_and_social_ills.php social reasons for formulating policy http://www.bpastudies.org/bpastudies/article/view/21/50

Exploring Freedom in Edward Bellamys Looking Backward Essay -- Looking

The definition of freedom depends entirely on how the phrase â€Å"freedom from†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ends. Perhaps a most straightforward understanding of freedom is the laissez-faire emphasis on limiting the power of government to interfere in economic and social matters. In this state of absolute freedom, however, inequalities exist between people, so that freedom from a controlling government does not imply individuals’ freedom of contract, movement, legal protection, equal rights through citizenship, or political voice. In light of the persistence of slavery in the US through the 19th century, freedom as an individual’s legal status separated people who could be citizens from people who were lifelong slaves. Even among legally free people, economic inequalities restricted the practical freedom of many, particularly through voting requirements and dependence on a crop lien system that severely restricted mobility and freedom of contract and trade. In the boom of industr y, terms like â€Å"wage slavery† drew attention to the lack of freedom of working class people to assemble as unions, to contract for a family wage, to receive education and medical care, and to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream† of to improving their living conditions through hard work. These inabilities were imposed not by a government that infringed upon personal liberties, but from a harsh capitalist economy that created an increasingly poorer lower class and, despite capitalist rhetoric, restricted social mobility based on merit and sharpened the division between socioeconomic classes. By the turn of the twentieth century, groups like the Populists and Progressives were calling for radical changes in government oversight of business, expansion of national currency, and subsequent redist... ... repressive. Though our world is certainly more troubled than Bellamy’s in some ways, and though we still have plenty of room for improvement, our more moderate approaches to stabilizing the economy and providing for social welfare have improved the situation since the 19th century. Legislation establishing minimum wage, safety inspections in workplaces, workman’s compensation, a graduated income tax, welfare and social service programs, family medical leave and maternity leave, affirmative action, anti-discrimination statutes, public schools and universities, federal grants for post-secondary education, social security for retirees and those with disabilities, and a host of other reforms over the last century have proven that the democratic government structure that existed during Bellamy’s day was capable of bringing about significant, though gradual, change.